Plans¶

How do I write a plan YAML so Bernstein executes it?

A plan is a declarative YAML file that describes a goal as a directed graph of tasks. Stages run sequentially (with explicit depends_on overrides), steps inside a stage run in parallel. Bernstein loads the plan, validates the graph, materialises each step as a Task row, and lets the orchestrator schedule it. Anything you can do at the CLI by typing bernstein run --goal "..." you can also describe declaratively as a plan and re-run with bernstein run --from-plan path/to/plan.yaml - same contract, reproducible inputs.

If you only have time for one sentence: a plan is just YAML with top-level name, stages[].steps[], and optional knobs for budget / agents / repos. The rest of this page is the schema, validation flow, generation, and a worked example.

What a plan is¶

The runtime model is simple:

• A plan has one or more stages.
• A stage has one or more steps.
• A step becomes a task the orchestrator schedules onto an agent.
• Stages run sequentially by default; declare depends_on to skip the default ordering or to express cross-stage parallelism.
• Steps within a stage run in parallel - the loader marks each step in stage B as depends_on every step title in stages B.depends_on, so no work in B starts until all of A's steps are done.

This is the same data model the manager agent emits when planning from a free-text goal, just expressed by hand.

Source-of-truth files: src/bernstein/core/planning/plan_schema.py (schema), src/bernstein/core/planning/plan_loader.py (YAML → Task list), src/bernstein/core/planning/planner.py (LLM-driven planning).

YAML schema (top-level keys)¶

Source: plan_schema.py:198-244 (PLAN_JSON_SCHEMA).

Stage fields¶

Source: plan_schema.py:155-178 (_STAGE_SCHEMA).

Step (task) fields¶

Each step compiles into one Task (bernstein.core.models.Task) with the fields below. Either title or goal is required (the latter is a legacy alias).

Step-level depends_on is not on the schema - dependencies between steps are declared at the stage level. The loader expands stage dependencies into per-step depends_on lists when it builds the Task objects (plan_loader.py:244-249).

Source: plan_schema.py:79-153 (_STEP_SCHEMA).

Completion signals¶

A step can declare zero or more signals the janitor uses to decide whether the agent finished. Each signal is {type, ...} where the extra keys depend on type:

Source: plan_schema.py:49-77, plan_loader.py:70-97.

Plan validation: bernstein validate¶

bernstein validate path/to/plan.yaml runs four checks before the plan is ever scheduled:

1. Schema check - required fields, enum values, integer ranges (plan_schema.validate_plan() at plan_schema.py:428-451).
2. Duplicate titles - every step title must be unique within the plan (plan_validate_cmd._check_duplicate_titles).
3. Dependency references - every depends_on entry must point at a real upstream stage name (_check_dependency_refs).
4. Cycle detection - DFS over the stage DAG; reports any cycle (_check_dependency_cycles).

Plus warnings:

• Unknown roles - any role not in the registry-known list is flagged (_check_unknown_roles).

Common errors:

Run validation in CI before merging plan files - schema drift and missing deps are the two failure modes that bite hardest.

Source: cli/commands/plan_validate_cmd.py:142-163.

Plan generation: bernstein plan generate¶

Hand-writing YAML is fine; for greenfield work let the LLM scaffold one:

bernstein plan generate "Add Redis-backed rate limiting to all API endpoints"

# Custom model / provider:
bernstein plan generate "Migrate auth from JWT to Paseto" \
  --model anthropic/claude-haiku-4-5 --provider openrouter

# Preview without writing:
bernstein plan generate "Add OpenTelemetry tracing" --dry-run

# Pin output path:
bernstein plan generate "Bump dependencies" -o plans/deps.yaml

What the command does (cli/commands/plan_generate_cmd.py:268-340):

1. Gather repo context - directory tree, README.md, top-level files, build config (capped at ~8 KB).
2. Build prompt - concatenates description + repo context + a system prompt asking for name / description / stages / steps YAML.
3. Call LLM - Haiku 4.5 by default (cheap; you usually iterate on the plan in your editor anyway). 2k token cap, temperature 0.3.
4. Extract YAML - strips markdown fences if the model wraps the answer.
5. Inject defaults - fills name/description from the user's input if the model omitted them.
6. Estimate cost - sums step complexities into a rough USD figure.
7. Save - to plans/<slug>.yaml (or --output); --dry-run prints to stdout.

The output is never auto-executed. You're expected to read it, edit roles/scopes, and run bernstein validate before bernstein run --from-plan.

There is also a higher-tier API in core/planning/plan_execute.py (build_plan, save_plan) which the manager agent uses internally - it picks the most capable available planning model (Opus / o3) and produces GeneratedPlan objects with per-task recommended_model selections (plan_execute.py:120-203).

Plan loading and execution¶

When you run bernstein run --from-plan path.yaml (or pass it via API), the loader does the following:

1. Parse YAML (plan_loader.load_plan() at plan_loader.py:120-196).
2. Build a PlanConfig - top-level metadata (name, description, constraints, repos, budget, max_agents, cli).
3. Walk stages - for each stage build an in-order list of step titles.
4. Materialise tasks - each step becomes a Task with:
5. id = "plan-<stage_idx>-<step_idx>" (replaced server-side once posted to /tasks).
6. depends_on populated from the upstream stages' step titles (cross-stage dep expansion at plan_loader.py:244-249).
7. owned_files from the step's files list - used by the conflict detector so two parallel agents can't clobber each other.
8. completion_signals parsed and validated (invalid entries are logged and dropped, not fatal).
9. Resolve title→ID - once all tasks have server-assigned IDs, the manager parser's _resolve_depends_on rewrites titles to UUIDs so the orchestrator can join.
10. Post to /tasks - each task is POSTed to the running Bernstein server (one HTTP call per step, with a 10 s timeout).

From here the run looks identical to a free-text goal: the orchestrator ticks, the spawner picks up OPEN tasks whose depends_on are all DONE, and the janitor verifies completion signals.

Repeat-runs: if you re-run the same plan, dedupe is by title, not by plan-task-ID - the server's task store treats incoming tasks as new unless your plan changes the title. For idempotent re-runs prefer bernstein replay over re-posting.

Workflow DSL (extended plans)¶

For DAGs with conditional edges and retry loops, Bernstein has a sibling format in core/planning/workflow_dsl.py. It's a stricter successor that adds:

• Phases - explicit gates (plan, implement, verify, merge) with requires_approval and allowed_roles.
• Conditional edges - depends_on: [{source: x, condition: "status == 'failed'"}] - the edge resolves only when the upstream task's output matches the predicate.
• Retry loops - retry: {max_attempts: 3, until: "status == 'done'"}.
• Safe expression evaluator - no eval(); AST is whitelisted to comparisons, boolean ops, attribute / subscript access, and literals (workflow_dsl.py:108-228).

Workflow DSL files live under .bernstein/workflows/ and load by name (load_workflow_dsl(name) at workflow_dsl.py:1013-1038).

Example (cribbed from the module docstring):

name: ci-pipeline
version: "1.0.0"

phases:
  - name: plan
    allowed_roles: [manager, architect]
  - name: implement
    requires_approval: true
  - name: verify
    allowed_roles: [qa, security]
  - name: merge
    allowed_roles: [manager]

nodes:
  decompose:
    phase: plan
    role: manager

  build-api:
    phase: implement
    role: backend
    depends_on: [decompose]

  run-tests:
    phase: verify
    role: qa
    depends_on: [build-api]

  fix-bugs:
    phase: implement
    role: backend
    depends_on:
      - source: run-tests
        condition: "status == 'failed'"
    retry:
      max_attempts: 3
      until: "status == 'done'"

  deploy:
    phase: merge
    role: manager
    depends_on:
      - source: run-tests
        condition: "status == 'done'"

Use the plain plan format for linear or sequential-stage work; reach for the workflow DSL only when you need conditional edges or retry loops.

Working example: small backend feature¶

A minimal plan with three stages and a dependency override:

name: rate-limit-api
description: Add Redis-backed rate limiting to the public API.

budget: "$5"
max_agents: 4
constraints:
  - All HTTP calls must declare an explicit timeout.

stages:
  - name: design
    description: Decide the algorithm and storage.
    steps:
      - title: "Pick rate-limit algorithm (token bucket vs sliding window)"
        role: architect
        complexity: medium
        scope: small

      - title: "Document Redis key schema"
        role: docs
        scope: small

  - name: implement
    description: Build the middleware + tests.
    depends_on: [design]
    steps:
      - title: "Add RateLimiter middleware"
        role: backend
        complexity: high
        scope: medium
        files:
          - src/api/middleware/rate_limiter.py
        completion_signals:
          - type: file_contains
            path: src/api/middleware/rate_limiter.py
            contains: "class RateLimiter"

      - title: "Wire middleware into FastAPI app"
        role: backend
        scope: small
        files:
          - src/api/app.py

      - title: "Write rate-limiter unit tests"
        role: qa
        scope: medium
        files:
          - tests/test_rate_limiter.py
        completion_signals:
          - type: test_passes
            command: pytest tests/test_rate_limiter.py -q

  - name: verify
    description: End-to-end check + docs update.
    depends_on: [implement]
    steps:
      - title: "Run full test suite"
        role: qa
        completion_signals:
          - type: test_passes
            command: pytest -q

      - title: "Update API reference"
        role: docs
        files:
          - docs/reference/openapi-reference.md

Validation:

bernstein validate plans/rate-limit-api.yaml
# ✓ 6 tasks, 3 stages, max parallel = 3

DAG:

graph TD
  D1["design: pick algorithm"]
  D2["design: document key schema"]
  I1["implement: middleware"]
  I2["implement: wire FastAPI"]
  I3["implement: tests"]
  V1["verify: full suite"]
  V2["verify: docs"]

  D1 --> I1
  D1 --> I2
  D1 --> I3
  D2 --> I1
  D2 --> I2
  D2 --> I3
  I1 --> V1
  I2 --> V1
  I3 --> V1
  I1 --> V2
  I2 --> V2
  I3 --> V2

Three stages, each fully blocking the next. The implement stage runs the three steps in parallel (subject to max_agents: 4), and verify only fires once every implement task is DONE.

Run it:

bernstein run --from-plan plans/rate-limit-api.yaml

Code pointers¶

See also: state-persistence.md for how plans land in .sdd/, LIFECYCLE.md for the per-task FSM the orchestrator runs once a plan is loaded.